Syllabus & Regulations

Unit I: Plant Kingdom [09 Hrs]

• Classification of kingdom (Five Kingdom System)

• Classification of Kingdom (Seven Kingdom System)

• General characters, Smith’s Classification & economics importance of Algae

• General characters, Smith’s Classification & economics importance of Fungi

• General account and outline classifications of Bryophytes

• General account and outline classifications of Pteridophytes

• General account and outline classifications of Gymnosperms

Unit II: Plant Morphology [10 Hrs]

• General study of Root

• General study of Stem

• General study of Leaf

• Types of Fruit

• Flower – Epigynous, Perigynous, Hypogynous

• General characteristics of herb, shrub, tree, climber and creeper

Unit III: Plant Diversity Of Angiosperms [10 Hrs]

• Binomial Nomenclature of angiosperms

• Systems of classification

• Classification System of Bentham & Hooker.

• Taxonomic studies of Dicot plants from each following Families with its medicinal value.

  • Malvaceae

  • Solanaceae

  • Apocynaceae

• Taxonomic studies of Monocot plants from each following families with its medicinal value

  • Poaceae

  • Amarilidaceae

Unit IV: Method of Plant Reproduction [6 hrs]

• Fission

• Fragmentation

• Vegetative reproduction

• Asexual reproduction

• Sexual reproduction

Unit V: Plant Physiology [13 Hrs]

• Opening and closing of stomata

• Plant-water relations

• Translocation in the phloem

• Photoperiodism

• Seed dormancy

1. Observational study of herb, shrub, tree, climber and creeper through field visit.

2. To study morphology of root and stem.

3. To study morphology of leaf.

4. To study morphology of flower.

5. To study of various types of fruits.

6. To understand floral formula and floral diagram

7. Taxonomic studies of Malvaceae family with its economical and medicinal value.

8. Taxonomic studies of Solanaceae family with its economical and medicinal value.

9. Taxonomic studies of Apocynaceae family with its economical and medicinal value.

10. Taxonomic studies of Poaceae family with its economical and medicinal value.

11. Taxonomic studies of Amaryllidaceae family with its economical and medicinal value.

12. To study different methods of plant reproduction through chart/slides.

13. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency from the two surfaces of leaves of amesophyte and xerophyte.

Text Books

• V. K. Jain (2000) Fundamental of Plant Physiology , S.Chand (G/L) & Company Ltd; 5th Revised edition

• V. Singh D. K. Jain P. C. Pande (2010) A Text Book of Botany : Angiosperms, Rastogi Publications-Meerut.

Reference Books:

• P. H. Raven, G. B. Johnson, J. B. Losos, S. R. Singer (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi.

• N. A. Campbell, J. B. Reece, L. A. Urry, M. L. Cain, S. A. Wasserman, P. V. Minorsky, R. B. Jackson

• (2008). Biology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8th edition.

• L. Taiz, E. Zeiger, I. M. Moller and A. Murphy (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.

UNIT I: PLANT KINGDOM [09 Hrs]

• Classification of Five Kingdom System according to Whitaker

• General characters and classification of Algae

• General characters and classification of Fungi

• General account and outline of classifications of Bryophytes

• General account and outline of classifications of Pteridophytes

• General account and outline of classifications of Gymnosperms

• General account and outline of classifications of Angiosperms

UNIT II: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT ANATOMY [10 Hrs]

• Plant-water relations

• Photobiology

• Types of simple tissue

• Types of complex tissue

• Microtomy

UNIT III: PLANTS PRODUCTS [10 Hrs]

• Alkaloids yielding plants – Sarpgandha, Tobacco

• Dye yielding plants – Heena, Kesudo

• Oil yielding plants – Ground nut, Nilgiri

• Resin yielding plants – Pinus, Gugal

• Gum yielding plants – Neem, Baval

UNIT IV: MEDICINAL PLANTS [09 Hrs]

• Usage of plants for wellness of respiratory disease – Ardusi, Tulsi

• Usage of plants for wellness of gastrointestinal disease – Kariyatu, Kadu

• Usage of plants for wellness of dermatological disease –, Turmaric, Chandan

• Usage of plants for wellness of cancer disease – Kuvarpathu, Barmasi

• Scope and future of medicinal plants

UNIT V: PLANT PATHOLOGY [10 Hrs]

• Introduction and classification of plant diseases

• General symptoms of disease

• Tikka disease of ground nut

• Red rot of sugar cane

• Different methods of plant disease control

• Citrus canker

1. Observational study of Algae through specimens and slides.

2. Observational study of Fungi through specimens and slides.

3. Observational study of Bryophytes through specimens and slides.

4. Observational study of Pteridophytes through specimens and slides.

5. Observational study of Gymnosperms through specimens and slides.

6. To understand floral formula and floral diagram.

7. Demonstrate water potential of given tissue (potato tuber) by weight method.

8. To study evaluation of oxygen during photosynthesis.

9. To study anatomy of simple tissues.

10. To study anatomy of complex tissues.

11. To prepare permanent slides through microtomy.

12. Observational study of plant products according to theory.

13. Observational study of different medicinal plants.

14. Study of different plant disease through specimens and slides.

Text Books:

• Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi.

• Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.

References:

• Agnes Arber (1999). Herbal plants and Drugs. Mangal Deep Publications.

• L. Taiz, E. Zeiger, I. M. Moller and A. Murphy (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.

Unit I: Evolution [10 Hrs]

1. • Origin of species

   • Catastrophism

   • Origin and evolution of land plants

   • Process of fossilization

   • Adaptations, natural selection and patterns of evolution

UNIT II: Basics of plant anatomy [10 Hrs]

• Plant anatomy : Introduction and organization of meristems

• Simple plant tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma)

• Complex plant tissue (xylem, phloem, secretary structure and periderm)

UNIT III: Secondary growth in plants [10 Hrs]

• Primary structure of monocot root and stem

• Primary structure of dicot root and stem

• Secondary anomalous growth in stem with special reference to Aristolochia and Salvodora

• Secondary anomalous growth in root with special reference to carrot, radish and beet root

• Biological importance and function of secondary and anomalous structure in growth

UNIT IV: Basic of plant embryology [10 Hrs]

1. • Structure and development and male and female gametophytes

   • Fertilization

   • Development and types of embryo

   • Polyembryony and apomixis

Unit V: Sensory photobiology of plant [10 Hrs]

• Structure, function and action of phytochromes, cryptochorome and phototropins

• Stomatal movement

• Photoperiodism

• Biological clocks

• Plant movement

Exe:-1. Study of anatomical details of monocot root and stem through permanent slides/temporary stain mounts/macerations/museum specimens with the help of suitable examples.

Exe:-2. Study of anatomical details of dicot root and stem through permanent slides/temporary stain mounts/macerations/museum specimens with the help of suitable examples.

Exe:-3. Mounting of embryo - monocot and dicot

Exe:-4. Study of different types of ovules through slide preparation/permanent slide/photographs

Exe:-5. Study of T.S. of anther and mounting of pollen grains

Exe:-6. Study of anomalous structure of stem through slide preparation (Aristolochia and Salvodora)

Exe:-7. Study of anomalous structure of root through slide preparation (carrot, radish and beet root)

Text books

• S.S. Bhojwani and S. P. Bhatnagar (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing House. Delhi. 5^th edition

• P. D. Sharma (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8^th edition.

• V. B. Rastogi (1994). Organic evolution. Kedernath Ramnath, India, 190.

Reference books

• W. C. Dickison (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.

• E. P. Odum (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5^th edition.

• W. G. Hopkins and A. Huner (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. U. S.A. 4th edition.

• V. Raghavan (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer, Netherlands.

Unit I: Systematic of Chordate animals [15 Hrs]

• Outline classification of Chordate animals.

• Salient features up to Class mammals with its examples.

• Type study : Scoliodon

1. Morphology

2. Digestive system

3. Arterial system

4. Reproductive system

5. Brain

Unit II: Histology of Mammals [07 Hrs]

• • Integumentary glands.

  • Histology of Stomach

  • Histology of Pancreas.

  • Histology of Thyroid gland

Unit III: Digestive system & Respiratory system in human [08 Hrs]

• Structural organization of Digestive track.

• Mechanical digestion.

• Chemical digestion.

• Structural organization of Respiratory system.

• Histology of Lung

Unit IV: Circulatory system & Excretory System in human. [09 Hrs]

• • Structure and function of Blood vessels.

  • Morphological and internal structure of Human Heart.

  • Cardiac cycle

  • Morphology and histology of Kidney.

  • Structure of Nephron

Unit V: Co-ordinatory system [09 Hrs]

• Structure and types of Nerve cell.

• Morphological structure of Human Brain

• Endocrine secretion and its function.

1. Pituitary gland

2. Parathyroid gland

3. Adrenal

4. Ovary and Testis.

1. 1. Identification and classification of Chordate animals.

   2. System of Scoliodon part I : Digestive system and Arterial system.

   3. System of Scoliodon part II: Reproductive system and Brain.

   4. Histological structure of mammalian organs.

   5. Digestion of starch by salivary Amylase.

   6. Structural organization of Human respiratory system and T.S. of Lung.

   7. Morphological and internal structure of Heart.

   8. Morphological and internal structure of Kidney.

   9. Structure of Nerve cell and Brain in human.

Textbook:

• A. K. Jain (2016). Textbook of Physiology, Avichal Publishing Company, 6^th edition.

• A. Vander, J. Sherman and D. Luciano (2014). Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function. XIII Edition, Mcgraw Hills.

• E. L. Jordan and P. S. Verma (2014). Textbook of Chordates, S. Chand Publication, New Delhi.

Reference books:

• G. J. Tortora and S. Grabowski (2006). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. XI Edition John Wiley and sons.

• P. Victor Eroschenko (2008). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional correlations. XII Edition.Lippincott W. and Wilkins.

Unit I: Animal Taxonomy [24 Hrs]

• Systematic of Non-chordate Animals.

• Systematic of Chordate Animals.

Unit II: Forms & Functions in Animals [09 Hrs]

Type Study: Earth worm.

• External Characters

• Digestive system

• Reproductive system

• Nervous system

• Types of Nephridia

• Structure of Septal Nephridia

• Blood gland.

Unit III: Developmental Biology [06 Hrs]

• • Structure of Frog Sperm.

  • Structure of Frog Ovum.

  • Fertilization in Frog.

  • Cleavage in Frog.

  • Blastula in Frog.

  • Gastrula. in Frog.

Unit IV: Evolution and Animal Behaviour [09Hrs]

[A] Evolution

• • • Isolation

    • Speciation

    • Genetic Drift.

[B] Animal Behaviour

• Introduction and Types

• Social Behaviour in Animals

(1) Termite (2) Honey-bee

• Parental Care in Animals

(1) Pices (2) Amphibia.

Unit V: Applied Zoology [09 Hrs]

A study of general structure and characters of following pathogenic animals.

• Entamoeba

• Trypenosoma

• Filarial worm

• Guinea worm

• Round worm

• Pin worm

1. Identification and Classification of Non-chordate Animals – part I (Protozoa to Annelid).

2. Identification and Classification of Non-chordate Animals – part II (Arthropod to Echinoderm).

3. Identification and Classification of Chordate Animals – part I (Prochordate to Pisces).

4. Identification and Classification of Chordate Animals – part II (Amphibia to Mammal).

5. Systems of Earthworm.

6. Developmental Biology of Frog.

7. Study of Animal Behaviour.

8. Study of Pathogenic Animals.

Text Books:

• E. L. Jordan and P. S. Varma (2010) Non-chordate Zoology, S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi, 4^th edition.

• S. F. Gilbert (2010). Developmental Biology (Sinauer) 10^th edition.

• R. Mathur (2010). Animal Behaviour, Rastogi Publications, Merrut.

• V. B. Rastogi (1994). Organic evolution. Kedernath Ramnath, India.

References:

• R. S. K. Barnes, P. Calow, P. J. W.Olive, D. W. Golding and J. I. Spicer (2002). The Invertebrates: A New Synthesis, III Edition, Blackwell Science.

• H. E. Walter and L. P. Sayles Biology of Vertebrates, Khosla Publishing House.

UNIT I: Basic of developmental biology [10 Hrs]

1. 1. Aims and scope of developmental biology and sexual and asexual reproduction

   2. Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and structure of sperm, oogenesis and structure of ovum, types of ova

   3. Fertilization: Events of fertilization, mechanism of sperm transfer, polyspermy, preventing mechanisms

   4. Cleavage, Blastulation and Gastrulation

   5. Extra embryonic membranes, Placentation

UNIT II: Animal tissues [10 Hrs]

1. Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue and types of glands

2. Bones: structure and types, ossification, bone growth, resorption

3. Nervous tissue: general organization, neuron resting membrane potential and its basis, origin of action potential and its propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

4. Muscle: histology of different types of muscle, ultra structure of skeletal muscle

5. Molecular and chemical basis of muscle contraction

Unit III: Evolution [10 Hrs]

1. 1. Evidences of organic evolution

   2. Geological time scale

   3. Species concept: isolating mechanisms and modes of speciation

   4. Adaptation: definition, kinds of adaptations, adaptive radiation, convergence and divergence

   5. Evolution of man

Unit IV: Animal ecology [10 Hrs]

1. 1. 1. Habitat and niche, fresh water and marine water ecosystem

      2. Terrestrial ecosystem (Desert, grassland and forest)

      3. General idea of population and community ecology Unitary and modular populations, its unique and group attributes- population density, natality, mortality, life tables, fecundity tables, survivorship curves, age ratio, sex ratio

      4. community diversity: diversity index, types of biodiversity, species richness, abundance, species area relationship, community stratification, ecotone/edge effect, climax community

      5. Conservation of natural resources : Wild life management, brief idea of national parks and wild life sanctuaries of India.

Unit V: Ethology [10 Hrs]

1. Introduction and history of Ethology

2. Methods of studying behavior

3. Social organization with reference to dominance, hierarchy, social competition and territoriality

4. Reproductive behaviour with reference to courtship, mating, parental investment and stickle back fish (sexual dimorphism)

5. Elementary idea of role of pheromones and hormones in insects and vertebrates in relation to behaviour

Exe:-1. Study of whole mount of eggs, early cleavage stage, T.S. of blastula and gastrula of frog.

Exe:-2. Study and isolation of chick embryo: 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours.

Exe:-3. Study of T.S. of ovary, testis and placentation through permanent slide

Exe:-4. Preparation of temporary mounts: Squamous epithelium, Ciliated epithelium, Striated muscle fibres and nerve cells.

Exe:-5. Examination of permanent sections of mammalian skin, Cartilage, Bone, Pancreas, Testis, Ovary

Exe:-6. Study of all the biotic and abiotic components of any simple ecosystem- natural pond or terrestrial ecosystem or human modified ecosystem.

Exe:-7. Study of Antennal grooming behaviour of cockroach.

Exe:-8. Study of the life table and fecundity table, plotting of the three types of survivorship curves from the hypothetical data.

Text books

• S. F. Gilbert (2010). Developmental Biology (Sinauer) 10^th edition.

• P. D. Sharma (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8^th edition.

• R. Mathur (2010). Animal Behaviour, Rastogi Publications, Merrut

• V. B. Rastogi (1994). Organic evolution. Kedernath Ramnath, India, 190.

Reference books

• G. J. Tortora and S. Grabowski (2006). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. XI Edition. John wiley and sons, Inc.

• P. Victor Eroschenko (2008). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations. XII Edition. Lippincott W. and Wilkins.

• E. P. Odum (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5^th edition.